Saleem as an Allegory for India in ‘Midnight’s Children’ - Literature Essay Samples

â€Å"To understand just one life you have to swallow the world† – Explore the presentation of Saleem as an allegory for India in ‘Midnight’s Children’ The peculiarity of the title ‘Midnight’s Children’ makes it immediately obvious that this novel is out of the ordinary. Perhaps its most extraordinary aspect is the allegory of the character Saleem, of just one human being, for the downfall of postcolonial India. Yet Rushdie does not make it as simple as this; combined with the allegorical nature of Saleem are autobiographical and fantastical aspects. And our narrator’s distinctive wit and morals give him an identity, arguably one that’s too narrow to conceivably represent an entire country, the thing which is a conglomeration of people, politics, geography, religions, languages, and cultures. Simultaneously, obvious aspects such as Saleem sharing his birth with that of the independent Indian state, and ultimately his breakdown, mirror that of his homeland. Such associations are superficial however, because it is the depth and style of Rushdie’s narrative which really creates the parallel between Saleem Sinai and postcolonial India. But in terms of the reader’s understanding of Saleem’s life and therefore his world, a solipsistic critic would claim that a life cannot be proved to exist, let alone understood, certainly not within the parameters of a novel and therefore one cannot swallow the world – it is precisely this which needs to be explored. Despite Saleem’s clear purpose of reflecting the events in India, some factors perhaps make it impossible to fully comprehend both person and country. There is the unreliability of Saleem’s narrative, in which he draws attention to his flaws calling himself, â€Å"an incompetent puppeteer†, and his memory which â€Å"selects, eliminates, alters, exaggerates, minimizes, glorifies†¦creates its own rea lity.† In the essay ‘Is Nothing Sacred?’ Rushdie says, â€Å"The interior space of the imagination is a theatre that can never be closed down.† On one level this serves as an epistemological idea that the reader can neither know nor understand the truth of contemporaneous India, emphasising the omniscience of Saleem as narrator. On quite another level it shows that history is put together, invented, just like a person invented by circumstance, or a character in a novel. This tells us that perhaps there is also more to the India which we have been taught of, that the facts were overwhelmed by lies, propaganda, agendas. In fact, the moment of independence, a historical fact, is called a â€Å"mass fantasy†, a â€Å"collective fiction† and coincides with the birth of the midnight children who possess magical powers, a juxtaposition of truth with falsehood, imagination and reality. Rushdie’s narrative mode seeks to convey a coexistence of f antasy and reality. Parvati, who has turned Saleem invisible so he can return to Bombay, fallen in love with him, but endured the impossibility of consummation because her husband â€Å"superimposed upon her features the horribly eroded physiognomy of Jamila Singer†, endures a painful labour: â€Å"The cervix of Parvati-the-witch, despite contractions as painful as mule-kicks, refused to dilate.† Her role in the novel is magical, yet her troublesome labour coincides temporally with the time between Mrs Gandhi’s guilty verdict and consequent seizure of emergency powers. Likewise, the â€Å"grasping, choking† magical power of Shiva’s knees has such significance, as the return of this violent figure into the narrative is at a similar date to that of India’s first nuclear explosion. Of course there are other examples of the overlapping of fiction and fact, but in these, Rusdhie shows how strange and unstable was the political reality of the time . It may also be an ironic suggestion, that despite the novel being written for a Western audience, its magical realism, together with Saleem’s memory confusion, has an alienating effect, perhaps Rusdhie implying that the Western reader is distant and ignorant of India’s past, unable to empathise with the problems of ex-colonial victims but rather feel a sense of shame. This sense of strangeness and instability of the politics and problems of the time becomes associated with Saleem. It seems he is unable to live a personal, independent life, but only one that is occupied with the country’s and other people’s problems, possibly representative of them. His birth being simultaneous with that of ‘new India’ prompts Mr Nehru to write him a letter saying, â€Å"It will be in a sense the mirror of our own.† His downfall is simultaneous with that of India, highlighted by his awareness of his bad memory and importantly, the employment of the t riple end-stops â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and a complex, perplexing syntax, â€Å"I don’t want to tell it! – But I swore to tell it all. – No, I renounce, not that, surely some things are better left†¦? – That won’t wash; what can’t be cured must be endured!† This pattern of cracks and splitting of Saleem’s language and psyche increases, which creates incoherence, symbolic of Saleem’s and therefore India’s own ‘cracking up’. This is significant because it again displays Saleem’s lack of individuality, how he is â€Å"handcuffed to history† – the macro-scale of history is constantly referred back to the micro-scale of the individual. Ultimately, it is a statement that not only is it possible, but perhaps necessary to observe one particular life in order to try to understand the whole world. Despite his existence as an allegorical device and his lack of individuality, Saleem does h ave his own personality, and is clearly human. His creativity is displayed in his language, ranging from the colloquial slang of â€Å"goonda†, â€Å"Sahib†, â€Å"nakkoo†, to the eloquent, poetic descriptions like â€Å"incomprehensibly labyrinthine salt-water channels overtowered by the cathedral-arching trees†. There are page-long sentences, passages riddled with compound words. His impressionability and cultural diversity are illustrated in the neologisms, â€Å"twoness†, â€Å"overtowered†, â€Å"Godknowswhats†. And his childlike humour is shown, with his account of Zafar’s enuresis: â€Å"I awoke in the small hours in a large rancid pool of lukewarm liquid and began to yell blue murder,† and his love of â€Å"Snakes and Ladders†, symbolic of his rather cheeky fascination of sex. In creating this image of Saleem, Rushdie has employed a plethora of techniques and styles, such as magic realism, Western, Bollywo odian, and modernism. It’s as if old literary techniques are insufficient in describing the newly independent India with its newfangled diversity. It is appropriate that a postcolonial novel in English tries to create a typically Indian voice and that in its very character, and that of Saleem, displays the plurality of voices that make up the country. Indeed, the idea of plurality is one of the novel’s most important features. The concept that a single person could symbolise a multitudinous, diverse country encapsulates the tension between the one and the many, so relevant to the multilingual, interdenominational, cultural hybrid that was India. â€Å"Who what am I? My answer: I am the sum total of everything that went before me, of all I have been seen done, of everything done-to-me.† This exclamation excellently summarises Saleem’s narrative; in starting his story thirty-two years before his birth, he shows his belief that the past was related to his li fe in some way. There is a connection between past and present, the individual and the state. As history has shaped what is present, Saleem is shaping the world around him, particularly with his â€Å"Midnight Children’s Conference†. Telepathy lets him break barriers of language, barriers which caused categorisation and violence. Rushdie makes his point of view clear giving violent associations to such uniformity, and the peaceful ones to the pluralism of the conference. Saleem’s English blood, poor background, wealthy childhood, different religious influences and â€Å"the nose of a grandmother from France† form a cultural composite, that again reflects India’s diversity. A similar illustration is Lifafa Das, who causes Saleem to wonder, â€Å"is this an Indian disease, this urge to encapsulate the whole of reality?† A postcolonial interpretation is that Das promotes the multiculturalism that was spawned by colonialisation and the effect it had on imagination and art. Furthermore, the Midnight Children’s Conference is a construct for pluralism; the magical powers of the different members serve to empower ‘the many’. This remains an ideal however, as the conference, their magic, and ultimately Saleem, completely disintegrate, a socio-historical parallel for the demise of India. It is only right that a novel should be as large as it its subject matter, and probably the crucial feature of ‘Midnight’s Children’ is the expansive allegory of Saleem, and the importance of the narrative. An understanding of India is certainly achieved through Saleem’s character and language. The most important themes of ‘unreliability of memory’, and ‘the one and the many’ are paramount in achieving the overall illustration of postcolonial India through our narrator. Interestingly, it is often speculated that the novel is autobiographical. Arguably, this shows Salman Ru sdhie as quite vain and dislikeable due to Saleem’s egotism, his self-display of being high-and-mighty. This is not the case; any possible self-portrait is not made explicit at all, but what is very clear is how Rushdie expresses himself through Saleem Sinai, the most important example of which is his promotion of pluralism, and the vitality of cross-cultural fertilisation.

Essay about Sci-fI Films - 2199 Words

In this essay I am going to discuss about the topic: â€Å"Science fiction often plays off the real against the artificial, either in the form of humans versus non-human (androids, cyborgs, synthetics), or the world versus the non-world (cyberspace, inner-space, intentional space)†. I have chosen the films â€Å"The Matrix† and â€Å"Bicentennial Man† An explosion in information access and exchange is fueling the Information Superhighway that was created as a result of the computer revolution. If technology has truly become a god, then cyberspace is definitely its bible. Its scope is endless; its breadth enormous. Although the foundation of cyberspace, the computer, definitely serves to dehumanize culture, the Information Superhighway itself does†¦show more content†¦It shows robots that act like humans, performed by real actors. Im going to criticize them because in my opinion they exercise pernicious influence upon the public. In brief, The Bicentennial Man (BM) tells the story of a robot that lasts for about 200 years. His creator and his descendants change this robot, in order to acquire more and more human features. In the beginning he uses a kind of armor, looking like a machine; during the night he connects a plug into the electric outlet to recharge his batteries. Gradually, his appearance becomes more and more hu mane, to a point where he acts as any normal human, with thinking, feeling and willing, that is, the robot would have passed the total turning test. It is not clear if it would have passed the total total turning test. At the end, the woman with whom the robot is in love is going to die, so he decides that he cannot suffer her absence and should also quot;diequot; (Setzer 2002) A cyborg, a contraction of Cybernetic Organism, is a hybrid of man (or woman) and machine. 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Then it was re-released twenty years later, after improvement in special effects and another character was added. I will be considering that Star Wars appealsRead MoreI m Talking On The Galactic Scale1218 Words   |  5 Pagesover three things which are all in my presentation and in here one why Europa which will contain a fun fact , the reason why it may contain life and explaining possible life forms two N.A.S.A and there goals, mission, and payload and three a list of sci-fi books, some facts, and my personal views well here we go Subterranean Ocean. It is estimated that Europa has an outer layer of water around 100 km or 62 mi thick with a frozen crust around it. Heat from its tidal flexing allows its water to remain

Media s Influence On Nursing Profession Essay - 2514 Words

Media is very popular these days and people can access them instantly anytime, anywhere in the world. The image of nursing is certainly influenced by media such as advertisement, newspapers, movies, TV and radio. The Media’s unfounded believes damages the image of the nursing profession and influences how those outside of the medical field view nursing as a profession. Media influences people to make them believe that nurses are just like other caring people, but they actually do not know that nurses are actively involved in the health care reform. â€Å"Media’s tendency to frame the same issue in different ways at different times† (Alan Miller, Tyler, Rozanova and Mor. 2012, p.748). Often time media have been presenting the nursing profession poorly about nurses with unprofessional behavior, inappropriate dress or appearance and they are manipulating the story not reflecting the skills, true value and care that goes along with the nursing profession. Media can spread the message across the globe quickly and if the message is contrary to the profession it could mislead people. â€Å"The tone of media coverage has been primarily negative, rarely positive ’’ (Alan Miller, Tyler, Rozanova and Mor. 2012, p.745). The media portrays nurses as the helpers of doctor’s, on the contrary, the true role of nursing is the one that provides support, comfort, and health care service. The impact of media negligence could reduce the respect and value of nurses in the public. The role of nursing hasShow MoreRelatedMedia s Negative Images Of Health Care1215 Words   |  5 Pages Should Media Portray Only Positive Images of Health Care Name Institution Should Media Portray Only Positive Images of Health Care Media has portrayed many negative images of healthcare through television including movies. It is important that media presents positive images of healthcare to influence positive public perceptions on healthcare delivery. 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Ethics and Engineering Essay Example For Students

Ethics and Engineering Essay A professional engineer, doctor, lawyer, or teacher should have a well-rounded education, which teaches the technical expertise of the field, but alsoinstructs the whole human being about the pleasures and responsibilities ofbeing a contributing member of society.The most important part of any career is training. If you want tobecome anything from a cook to an astronaut, it is important that you know howto do your job. Education is key to be able to do a job. But, for certainprofessionals, such as engineers, doctors, doing the job right may include a lotmore than what they were taught, or could be taught, in any school. Theseprofessions must also learn how to be responsible to the public. People in suchjobs must be instructed on the responsibilities of being a contributing memberof society. Most professionals feel their duty is to serve their client, or to dotheir job to the best of their ability. Unfortunately, this is not good enough. When a persons profession or the product of their work will involve the public,that person should also be responsible to the public. The only concern of anengineer cannot be to make a bridge as sound as possible in a certain budget. If the people are to be crossing over this bridge, an engineer must alsoconsider if it is possible to truly make this bridge safe within the allottedbudget. He must not think purely of the technical aspects of the bridge making,but of the human side. Statements like Is it safe? should be replaced by Isthe bridge safe enough? Whenever ones work involves the public, one must beconcerned for the publics health and safety. Professionals today must make judgement calls that were never requiredof them before. They must decide whether what is good for science andtechnology is good for humanity. There must be a certain responsibility to anexpert for what they have created. As an example, look at Albert Einsteinsresearch in nuclear physics. After realising that a nuclear weapon was possible,he was going to stop research. However, considering the result of his actionshe continued and created an item that killed thousands of people. He came tothis decision after deciding that if the United States did not develop thisweapon first, then Germany would, probably killing hundreds of thousands more. This was a moral dilemma that no one should face, but professionals do faceother moral dilemmas every day. Should a lawyer defend a guilty man for tentimes the normal fee? Or should an accountant alter some numbers to make it morefavourable for the company that his brother owns? These are all tough questions,and are difficult decisions for one to make, but they must be addressed. To bea contributing member of society dictates that one should do this, but onesmorals or ones finances dictate something else entirely. Nothing can beentirely correct for either side in these matters. Rather, it is a balance gamewhere the professional himself must decide how they are going to tip the scales. The ability to communicate with others is fast becoming a requirement inevery job. Professionals such as lawyers and accountants have to deal withpeople every day. But increasingly other specialists, such as engineers orscientists, must deal with unions, management, citizens, and special interestgroups. Being able to recognise and address the issues of all of these groupswhile still doing the best job possible takes some very skilful judgement calls. It is a delicate balance and takes practice. Increasingly now, people arerequired to do this without any formal training and little experience in suchmatters. To be fair to society, maybe one should lean towards the unions orthe municipalitys side of an issue. To keep ones job and to keep unnecessarycosts down low, one should take the companys side. So what side should onereally take? No one can be sure, but the decision will be left up to theprofessional, and so they must be given guidance on how to face these issues. Aprofessional must be trained in skills outside their trade. .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5 , .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5 .postImageUrl , .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5 , .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5:hover , .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5:visited , .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5:active { border:0!important; } .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5:active , .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5 .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u33b3ec928d357f38140b1e5953249ca5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Atomic Bomb EssayKnowledge and responsibility are two things that should go hand and hand inprofessionals decisions. Public health and safety concerns, moral decisions,and the ability to communicate are all required of a contributing member ofsociety. Better training is required to prepare future professionals for thesesituations. Category: English